Breastfeeding
Mother's milk is the optimal nutrition for the majority of infants during the daytime. Breastfeeding offers numerous benefits for both the infant and the mother. For example:
- Mother's milk is available, clean, and at an appropriate temperature for consumption.
- Breast milk contains a wide array of immunological and probiotic components that strengthen the infant's immune system and protect them from various infections, such as intestinal infections.
- Research has shown that breastfeeding can offer protection against allergies and various inflammatory diseases (such as Crohn's disease) during adolescence and adulthood.
- Breastfeeding may contribute to reducing the risk of overweight in later years.
- Hormones released during breastfeeding contribute to a sense of calmness for the mother.
- Breastfeeding strengthens the bond between the mother and the infant, fostering a sense of security for the infant.
Indeed, during the first four months of an infant's life, it is recommended to exclusively provide breast milk. After this period, introducing additional foods becomes necessary as breast milk alone may not fulfill all of the infant's nutritional needs.
Breast Milk Substitutes
As a general rule, breast milk substitutes are not needed as long as breastfeeding is possible freely up until the age of one and the infant is developing well. The advantages of breastfeeding are most significant in the first three months, and the importance diminishes gradually over time. However, there may be a need for breastfeeding or supplementing with formula until at least the age of one. In situations where breastfeeding is not possible for technical or medical reasons, breast milk substitutes (Infant Formula) can be used. Although formula attempts to mimic the composition of breast milk, it is not identical, and breastfeeding is always superior. In Israel, all infant formula products adhere to international standards (European, American, or both) and are closely supervised by the Ministry of Health. Formulas contain proteins, fats, and sugars in appropriate amounts for the developing digestive system of the infant, as well as minerals, vitamins, and electrolytes suitable for their development and overall health. It's important to note that soy drinks, almond drinks, or other plant-based beverages cannot serve as suitable alternatives to breast milk or formula.
Introduction to Solid Foods - "Taste Testing" - From Four Months Old
Starting around the age of four months, it's possible and desirable to gradually introduce infants to different solid foods. Begin with small quantities (1-2 teaspoons up to twice a day) of complementary foods alongside breastfeeding, with the goal of exposing the infant to a variety of flavors and textures. It's recommended to introduce one type of vegetable/fruit at a time and observe for any allergic reactions before introducing a different one. It's important to note that at this stage, the goal of food exposure is developmental rather than providing complete nutrition. The infant still relies on breast milk (or formula) for their nutritional needs.
Dietary Supplements
During the first year of life, it is recommended to provide vitamin D and iron supplements according to the changing guidelines of the Ministry of Health. Be sure to consult with a pediatrician regarding dosages and timing for administering supplements.
Beverages for Infants
In general, an infant who is fed breast milk or infant formula alone does not need additional liquids since the fluids obtained from milk supply adequate hydration. With the introduction of solid foods, small amounts of water can be given as needed and based on the infant's preferences. Avoid using water bottles designed to resemble pacifiers as this can lead to overconsumption. An infant who receives excessive fluids might feel falsely full and refuse breastfeeding or formula when they actually need the nutrients.
The water or beverages used for preparing formula should be boiled for at least two minutes (including mineral water) and allowed to cool before use. Limit fruit juice, herbal teas, powders, or grains used to prepare beverages for infants. It's important to remember that beverages such as soy milk, almond milk, or other plant-based drinks cannot be considered suitable replacements for breast milk or formula and their use may lead to malnutrition.
Transition to Solids
By six months of age, most infants are physically and mentally ready to consume solid foods. Start with introducing one full meal of solid food during the day, while the rest of the meals continue to be breast milk or formula. It's recommended to start with foods rich in iron: chicken, turkey, beef, legumes (beans, lentils, chickpeas), and fruits. You can introduce dairy products after six months, but it's recommended to delay cow's milk until the age of one, and then switch to whole milk with at least 3% fat content (1% fat milk can be given after two years). Avoid giving honey until the age of one due to the risk of infantile botulism.
When introducing new foods, start with small amounts over a few days to easily identify any adverse reactions (e.g., allergies). Infant's swallowing mechanism may not be fully developed, so be cautious of choking hazards. Cut food into thin, soft pieces and mash fruits and vegetables with firm textures. Avoid giving whole grapes or other foods that pose a choking risk. Meat pieces should be cut lengthwise into small pieces. Make sure the infant is in an upright position during feeding, under the supervision of an adult, and ensure that the infant's mouth is empty after eating.