Endoscopy is a medical examination during which the digestive tract (upper or lower) is visualized using a flexible tube device with a camera at its end, known as an endoscope. During the procedure, it is possible to assess the intestinal space and identify processes within the intestines, such as polyps, bleeding ulcers, and more. Complex procedures can be performed through the endoscope, such as polyp removal, cauterization of bleeding lesions, and more. Additionally, tissue samples can be taken from the intestinal lining (biopsies) to diagnose inflammatory or tumorous conditions.

Endoscopy encompasses several different types of examinations:

1. Gastroscopy: In this examination, various internal organs can be scanned through the mouth, such as the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (upper digestive tract).

2. Colonoscopy: This examination allows the examination of the large intestine through the rectum, providing a complete scan of the colon, about 80-120 cm in length. It also allows examination of the terminal ileum (ileoscopy).

3. ERCP or EUS: These examinations are used to visualize and treat organs such as the bile ducts, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver. ERCP combines endoscopy with X-ray imaging to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts, while EUS combines endoscopy with ultrasound to evaluate the upper digestive tract and nearby organs such as the liver, gallbladder, lymph nodes, and blood vessels. EUS also allows for precise biopsies.

Advanced endoscopic procedures have made it possible to perform small-scale surgeries, such as removing complex polyps and small cancerous growths with limited local spread (EMR and ESD), treating conditions like Zenker's diverticulum, inserting a gastrostomy tube for nutrition (PEG), treating conditions like Barrett's esophagus using radiofrequency ablation, and more.

Endoscopic procedures are generally safe, with a very low complication rate. Complications are usually associated with therapeutic procedures rather than diagnostic ones and are statistically quite rare.

With advancing technology, endoscopic surgeries have become more sophisticated, including removing small complex polyps, excising tiny localized cancerous growths, and more, while avoiding the need for traditional surgical procedures.

In our gastroenterology institute, we utilize the latest diagnostic and therapeutic tools, including advanced endoscopic devices, such as capsule endoscopy - a small, ingestible capsule with a miniature camera that captures images throughout the gastrointestinal tract, providing valuable information for diagnosis. The capsule is naturally excreted from the body, ensuring a non-invasive examination without sedation or medications. However, capsule endoscopy is intended for specific cases.